Which location is nearest to basidiocarps

Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source, and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?

Question 4 Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones.

A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. Question 5 In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? Question 6 Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores? Question 7 How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? Question 8 Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?

Question 9 All fungi share which of the following characteristics? Question 10 Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour? Question 11 The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium?

It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing seeds Brazil nuts , fall to the forest floor. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow, self-incompatible flowers of Brazil nut trees admit only female orchid bees as pollinators.

The agouti is most directly involved with the Brazil nut tree's dispersal of a. Question 13 Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? Question 14 What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous fruit-eating animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH's. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.

The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes. Question 15 Which trait s is are shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? Question 16 The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. Which location is nearest to basidiocarps? A monoploid B diploid C triploid D tetraploid E polyploid. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis?

Unicellular yeasts can be represented as spheres, whereas filamentous hyphae more closely resemble cylinders. As these two geometric figures increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratios change. The following tables demonstrate how this ratio changes, first for spheres, and second for cylinders.

For the cylinder, girth i. Note the formulas below the respective tables. A As a sphere gets bigger, its surface area and volume increase at about the same pace. B As a cylinder gets bigger, its surface area increases at a greater pace than does its volume.

C As a cylinder gets bigger, its volume increases at about the same pace at which the volume of a sphere increases. D As spheres and cylinders get bigger, the surface area of a cylinder increases at a faster pace than does the surface area of a sphere. Thus, the shape of the line plotted on this graph most accurately depicts the A volume of a sphere as the radius, r, increases.

B surface area of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. C volume of a cylinder as length, L, increases. D surface area of a cylinder as length, L, increases. Which of the following should provide the most favorable conditions for effective exchange? A a smaller unicellular yeast B a larger unicellular yeast C a shorter filamentous hypha D a longer filamentous hypha. Which of these forms would be most favorable in an environment where nutrients are limited?

Recent genetic studies of the structure of microsporidian genomes, as well as the sequences of their tubulin genes and the gene for RNA polymerase II, indicate that microsporidians are closely related to the fungi.

Microsporidians lack flagella, centrioles, peroxisomes, and mitochondria although they do have degenerate mitochondria, called mitosomes. They have the smallest genome of any eukaryote, and it is a genome that changes quickly. The genome is contained within two haploid nuclei. All microsporidians are obligate intracellular parasites.

They use a unique organelle called a polar filament to gain access to the cells of their hosts. One species causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. Another parasitizes Anopheles gambiae, the mosquito that transmits a fatal form of malaria to humans.

B chitin. C lysosomes. D nuclei. E centrosomes. B viruses. C free-living yeasts. D ectoparasites. For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Bd.

Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment.

A by wind-blown spores B by flagella C by cilia D by pseudopods E by hyphae. Consequently, which term s apply to Bd? A nucleariids B choanoflagellates C zygomycetes D algae E diplomonads.

A Bd sporangium initially contains a single, haploid cell. Which of the following processes must be involved in generating the multiple zoospores eventually produced by each sporangium? S phase 2. If its morphology and genetics did not identify it as a chytridiomycete, then to which fungal group would Bd be assigned? A ascomycetes B zygomycetes C glomeromycetes D basidiomycetes E deuteromycetes.

A anaerobic chemoautotroph B aerobic chemoautotroph C anaerobic chemoheterotroph D aerobic chemoheterotroph.

A Other mycoses may be in progress in the same amphibian simultaneously. B The amphibian may harbor arthropod ectoparasites simultaneously. C Bacterial infections may be simultaneously underway in the amphibian. D Three of the responses above are correct. E Two of the responses above are correct. A It can cause underestimation, due to infected amphibians preferring to seek out refuges relative to uninfected amphibians. B It can cause underestimation, due to increased predation on, and removal of, infected amphibians relative to uninfected amphibians.

C It can cause overestimation, because infected frogs should be more readily observable to human census-takers than should uninfected amphibians. D All three of the above statements are plausible. E Two of the above statements are plausible. Which of the following represents the best experimental design for conclusively determining whether this inhibition is real?

A Inoculate uninfected amphibians with Jl, and determine whether the amphibians continue to remain uninfected by chytrids. B Inoculate infected amphibians with Jl, and determine whether the amphibians recover from infection by chytrids. C Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Leave one population alone; inoculate the other with Jl. Measure the rate at which infection proceeds in both populations.

D Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Inoculate one population with a high dose of Jl; inoculate the other with a low dose of Jl. Measure the survival frequency in both populations. For which of the following hypotheses is the procedure described a potential test? A the hypothesis that a toxin secreted by Jl cells kills Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin B the hypothesis that Jl cells infect and kill Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin C the hypothesis that Jl outcompetes Bd when both are present together on a frog's skin D the hypothesis that the presence of Jl on frog skin causes a skin reaction that prevents attachment by Bd cells.

Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node.

This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface and then drains. A Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host?

B Does S. C Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic? E Being a yeast, does S. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S.

The cap also called the pileus protects the spore producing region, the hymenophore. The diagram shows a hymenophore composed of gills. However, you might see mushrooms with pores, teeth, or other types of spore-producing surfaces. The partial veil covers the hymenophore while the mushroom develops.

When the cap extends as the mushroom grows, the partial veil is pulled and can either end up as an annulus or attached to the edges of the cap. Not all mushrooms have a partial veil and those that do often look quite different from this one! The universal veil only present in a few mushrooms covers the entire mushroom when it is young. As the mushroom expands, the universal veil is also pulled apart. Here, the cap has tiny fragments of the universal veil warts and the rest is at the base of the stipe forming a volva.

The stipe is the "stem" or "stalk" of the mushroom. The image above shows a few developmental stages of an Agaricus basidiocarp.

In the fruiting body on the right which has been cut in half , you can see the partial veil is still covering the gills.