Such integration can have devastating results, causing somatic mutations and sometimes cancer. By , it was already clear that many vertebrates had endogenous retroviruses that were inherited vertically—they had essentially become part of the organism.
In addition, it turned out that eucaryotic genomes were riddled with 'retrotransposons,' genetic elements that encode a reverse transcriptase that allows the sequences to move about within the genome and amplify their presence.
Mobile 'group II introns' that encode a reverse transcriptase activity interrupt conserved genes in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria.
The existence of reverse transcriptase has done considerable damage to the idea of DNA as a sacrosanct store of genetic information delivered intact from generation to generation. Obviously, tight control must be exerted over reverse transcriptase activity in individual cells to keep the genome from being irreversibly scrambled in the near term. At the same time, reverse-transcribed sequences must be considered as sources of genetic diversity on an evolutionary scale.
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Genome Res 18 : — Download references. We thank the PACA-bioinfo platform for computing services. This article is contribution number 31 of the Tara Oceans Expedition — ML performed most of the bioinformatics analyses and generated the initial version of the manuscript.
PH contributed to the design of the project, to part of bioinformatics analyses and to the writing of the manuscript. KKK contributed to part of bioinformatics analyses and to the writing of the manuscript. EV contributed to part of statistical analyses. AV contributed to the analysis of Copia retrotransposons. MB contributed to the analysis of Copia retrotransposons. OJ contributed to the sequencing, assembly and annotation of the metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequences, as well as to the writing of the manuscript.
DI contributed to part of statistical analyses and characterization of sampling sites. CB contributed to the analysis of Copia retrotransposons and to the writing of the manuscript. PW contributed to the sequencing, assembly and annotation of the metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequences, as well as to the writing of the manuscript.
JMC contributed to part of bioinformatics analyses and to the writing of the manuscript. HO coordinated the project, and contributed to part of bioinformatics analyses and to the writing of the manuscript. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Hiroyuki Ogata.
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