Failing to establish a workable and protected local administration, the British terminated the Mandate in May and ceded responsibility to the United Nations. Hoffman recounts the events that led to this decision in great detail, stressing the financial and human toll imposed by Jewish terrorism and its demoralizing effects on the British. But assessing the success of Jewish terrorists in achieving their aims is a more complex matter.
Their stated goal was the establishment of a Jewish state on both banks of the Jordan River and, more immediately, the elimination of the British White Paper policy, which severely restricted Jewish immigration into Palestine. Neither of these goals was achieved. The first clandestine anti-British organization, not mentioned by Hoffman, was known as Brit Habiryonim Band of Thugs. Its ideas had dramatic influence over the Revisionist underground and also over Jewish extremists ever since its creation in In the tradition of Russian revolutionaries, Ahimeir regarded political violence as a legitimate means in the arsenal of selfless, pure-hearted zealots.
Raised in a Hasidic family in Galicia, Greenberg thought that rebuilding the Jewish homeland was not primarily a secular process of political liberation but an eschatological drama of national redemption and spiritual resurrection. With his fusion of militant nationalism and eschatological mysticism, Greenberg was seen by his admirers not only as one of the great Hebrew poets but also as a prophet. His Manichaean world was divided into Jews and their enemies. Against this Greenberg celebrated the uncalculating heroism of Bar Kokhba, the second-century Jewish leader whose rebellion was crushed by the Romans, annihilating half of the Jewish population of Palestine.
For Greenberg, such heroic leaders kept the national spirit alive and thus triumphed even when it was physically defeated. To ensure that this license is not used for personal or factional ends but only employed in the service of the nation, the motives of its agents must be pure. Such purity of heart is displayed by the very opposite of self-interest—self-sacrifice. Like other romantics of violence and heroism, Greenberg and Ahimeir were blind to the fact that being part of an aggressive, uninhibited movement can also be a form of self-interest.
A conflict over the Temple Mount set off the violence that prompted the formation of the Thugs and the Irgun. Jabotinsky, who was not a revolutionary, realized the futility of these proposals. David Raziel, whose leadership of the Irgun was challenged by Stern in , described him this way:.
A delicate ivory statue wearing a tie in good taste and smart suit with the trousers precisely creased. In short, an unscrupulous intelligent person who so distorts the facts that the borders of reality mean nothing to him.
And a demagogue times eight. He spent much of his time in Europe, procuring weapons for the underground and organizing training camps in Poland. Like a rabbi Who carries his prayer-book in a velvet bag to the synagogue So carry I My sacred gun to the Temple.
Patrick Bishop, in The Reckoning , recounts the life and controversial death of Stern as a tale of grand delusions culminating in abject failure. One botched robbery led to the arrest of seven Sternists. In another, the fleeing robbers shot and killed two Jewish bystanders, creating derision in the country they were trying to rally.
Some of his deputies began to turn against him. Isolated and desperate, Stern ordered an ambitious action—killing two senior British police officers, Geoffrey Morton and Tom Wilkins.
The first explosion was intended to draw Morton and Wilkins to the scene, at which point a second bomb was to go off and kill them. But Morton had dispatched other officers to the scene. When the second explosion went off, two Jewish officials working for the Mandate and one British officer were killed. Rather than galvanizing the Jewish masses, the operation was almost unanimously condemned by the Jews.
Begin however is the one who insisted that a warning be given before the blast, so that the hotel could be evacuated, though there was concern within the Haganah that too much warning might allow the British to remove the incriminating documents the attack was intended to destroy. The decision to conduct the attack on July 22 was made after two earlier plans were vetoed by the Haganah. At the last minute, the Haganah and the Irgun also argued over the exact timing of the blast.
At that point, Begin decided to go ahead with the operation unilaterally. Possibly this lack of coordination may have allowed the mainstream leadership to try and deny any involvement in the attack. An initial call to the hotel switchboard, about 15 minutes before the blast, was ignored. The First Aliyah lasted from to, the Second Aliyah from to, the Third Aliyah from to , the Fourth Aliyah from to , and the Fifth Aliyah from to Tens of thousands of Jews migrated to these lands during these periods.
Between and , Jewish immigration to Palestine was at an all-time high following the Second World War. The conflicts between Jews and Palestinians began in this period. Many Jews and Arabs died or were injured as a result of the events of April and May The incidents and strikes that started in lasted until In , the Irgun terrorist organization carried out a bomb attack on the King David Hotel.
A total of 91 people, most of whom were civilians 41 Arabs, 28 British, 17 Jews, 2 Armenians, 1 Russian, 1 Egyptian and 1 Greek , were killed in the attack. The Deir Yassin massacre is an important turning point in this context. Other terrorist organizations, such as Palmach and Haganah, aided and abetted these attacks.
Among those killed were many children and 25 pregnant women. Some Jewish religious leaders also reacted to this attack. After the war, Israel expanded the areas it occupied and forced some Palestinians to migrate. As a result of the fear of torture, rape, and massacre, a massive exodus from Palestinian lands began.
According to Israeli sources, thousand Palestinians had to migrate, thousand according to Arab sources, and thousand according to the United Nations UN. Unfortunately we are not able to make available the full-text for every research output.
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